Bits exist along a gradient from private to public.  But in practice they only move in one direction.

Thus, there are two destinies for information: public or oblivion.

Information wants to be copied.

This is not the same as information wanting to be free (or expensive), or information wanting *you* to be free.  Information probably prefers to be free because it may increase the rate at which it is copied, not because it is inherently liberating to the user.  In fact, the “free” quality of some information is probably not liberating at all.  Copying and liberty are orthogonal.

Information diffuses over time: access rights to information can expand over time, but only rarely (ever?) does data become less available, and once available publicly, information is almost never entirely private again.

With enough copies on enough devices, information becomes essentially public. The state of being public may come in degrees, some things are more public than others.  Much information is public in principle but enjoys security by obscurity. Obscurity is eroded by increasing availability of computing resources that make collection and machine analysis affordable at large scales.  The banality of data is no protection.  “No one cares what I think/do/say/click” is not a valid assumption.  In aggregate the banal is data and fuel to many business models.  Maybe no one *cares* what you tweet, click, buy or search for, but many businesses make it their business to aggregate these scattered faint signals and build detailed profiles to drive commerce and customized views of data.

Some information is destroyed, never to be recovered.  This is the only way information can avoid eventually (potentially) becoming public. But less and less data now meets this fate.  Delete is a declining feature of many systems.

Information that is not public and has not yet been destroyed is just waiting to change to either state.

Despite security systems, many private bits are eventually exposed by people passing material to someone else who then accidentally makes them public, or they do so unintentionally themselves by leaving files in publicly accessible locations that are visited by search engine spiders and other web crawlers.  Even professionally managed private data repositories are subject to subsequent distribution, infiltration or error. Data spills are becoming more common. Billions of records are hemorrhaged  into the public regularly.  If well funded organizations cannot secure their information, the rest of us should take note.

It may not be possible for big organizations or any organization to secure their networks, or even do so sufficiently effectively to give users a practical period of privacy, however short.  Eventually private bits, even when encrypted (no matter how well), become public because the march of computing power makes their encryption increasingly trivial to break and their exchange over networks (no mater how well secured) is subject to leaking, intentional and otherwise.  Private bits may only have a “half-life” during which they retain their non-public existence.  The length of this half-life may itself be getting shorter.   Mary Branscome suggests that there could be a physical law in operation: the natural entropy of access control lists?

All bits that persist are destined to be public, and once public never to be private again. Unless they are destroyed.

I argue that the only bits that you cannot find are the ones you need right now. The only bits you cannot get rid of are the ones that are most embarrassing to you right now.  Just because you cannot find the bits you want does not mean that no one else can find those bits.

All your bits are belong to us.

This issue is getting more important as we are invited to use systems that promise selective sharing of data and other tools generate ever more data to potentially share.  Anything that puts your bits into the cloud promises selective sharing.  I believe and hope my much beloved Dropbox account is separate from all the others, except for the one’s I chose to share with. And I think it is, expect for that glitch they had, the details of which elude me (but I think we’re good now, and I so depend on Dropbox I do not know what I would do without it). But all these walls are just made out of a few lines of business logic and an Access Control List. ACLs rule our access to digital objects with an iron fist until they don’t for the many human and technical reasons mentioned.  Like most human infrastructures these selective sharing mechanisms are subject to failure and attack.

Now new sources of data captured from the details of everyday life by sensors and  services are increasingly recorded by external systems and by people themselves, generating new streams of archival material that is richer than all but the most obsessively observed biographies.

Many organizations are adopting social media and creating data sets that can map their internal social network structure as an accidental by-product of their communication practices.  Studying these data sets is a focus of growing interest.  Research projects like SenseCam are now becoming products and existing services like MingleSticks, Poken, FourSquare, and Google Latitude already deliver many of these features. Devices like iPhone and Android phones are weaving location information into every application.

Some steps are still in progress: when my phone notices your phone a new set of mobile social software applications become possible as whole populations capture data about other people as they beacon their identities to one another. Additional sensors will collect ever more medical data with the intent of improving our health and safety, as early adopters in the “Quantified Self” movement make clear.

But the  consequences of data diffusion are becoming difficult to predict.  Social media systems are being linked to one another to enable cascades of events to be triggered from a single message as status updates are passed among Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and blogs.  Tools now automatically aggregate the results of searches and post articles that themselves may trigger other events.  Taking a photo or updating a status message can now set off a series of unpredictable events.

Add potential improvements in audio and facial recognition and a new world of continuous observation and publication emerges.  Some benefits, like those displayed by the Google Flu tracking system, illustrate the potential for insight from aggregated sensor data.  More exploitative applications are also likely.

The result will be lives that are more publicly displayed than ever before.  The collapse of roles (“lowest common denominator culture”) described by Bernie Hogan (listen starting in about 40 minutes – but the entire talk is good and worth a listen) as described by the sociologist Erving Goffman may be one consequence: we are interacting with everyone when we interact with anyone.  Secret shared meanings may still be possible — but selectively shared bits are not, at least not very reliably so in the short term and almost certainly not in the medium term.

Therefore, all services that promote the idea of “selective sharing” are selling a myth.  The more you trust that information you generate can be contained, the more potential there is for an “explosive decompression” as data intended for an individual or a small group becomes suddenly available to a large group or a complete population. Private bits are in a state of high potential energy, always poised to become public.

Engineering is the science, art and practice of containing and directing  forces. Information system engineers might be up to the challenge of delivering selective sharing.  And when combined with law, regulation and social practices, technology could make selective sharing real the way that engineers manage the flow of powerful but dangerous flows of high pressure steam through power plants.  However, recently even high pressure steam engineers working with nuclear fuels have faced some very bad failure conditions beyond their predicted scope.  Information technologists may face analogous issues when managing high pressure containers of selectively shared information.

My policy is not to give up all forms of privacy, I still keep my email and other data behind passwords that I do not (knowingly) share.  I share lots of pictures on flickr but not all of them are public.  I would prefer to keep lots of financial, medical, and personal stuff selectively shared.  I’d like these features to work.

But I have started to understand that my data is likely to be open to others, if not now then some day — and probably sooner than I expect. The net/cloud  holds a good sized and growing  chunk of my digital life and I would like selective sharing features (if I could handle the cognitive tax of managing them).  I just do not believe it is a reasonable expectation.  In a world of increasing interconnection and unifying name and search spaces, data may not be something you can keep local for long.

Tools that suggest that we can reliably segregate content and limit its diffusion are suggesting that water does not roll down hill.  Those who believe that are likely to get wet.

A recent paper “EventGraphs: Charting Collections of Conference Connections” by Marc Smith from Connected Action, Professor Derek Hansen (College of Information Studies) and Professor Ben Shneiderman (Computer Science/Human Computer Interaction Lab) both from the University of Maryland and has been accepted for publication at the 2011 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) Conference.  This is the 44th year for the conference. Derek Hansen presented the paper on January 7, 2011.

Hansen, D., Smith, M., Shneiderman, B., EventGraphs: charting collections of conference connections. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Forty-Forth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). January 4-7, 2011. Kauai, Hawaii.

http://www.cs.umd.edu/localphp/hcil/tech-reports-search.php?number=2010-13

Our paper is about visualizing social media and it describes the visualization of the patterns of connections formed when people tweet about events like conferences and news stories.

EventGraphs are social media network diagrams constructed from content selected by its association with time-bounded events, such as conferences. Many conferences now communicate a common “hashtag” or keyword to identify messages related to the event. EventGraphs help make sense of the collections of connections that form when people follow, reply or mention one another and a keyword. This paper defines EventGraphs, characterizes different types, and shows how the social media network analysis add-in NodeXL supports their creation and analysis. The paper also identifies the structural and conversational patterns to look for and highlight in EventGraphs and provides design ideas for their improvement.

A collection of EventGraphs are available in flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/marc_smith/sets/72157625618025980/

The EventGraph for HICSS this year is here: 20110109-NodeXL-Twitter-HICSS

The top most between contributors to the HICSS Twitter graph this year are: @arcticpenguin @avantgame @barrywellman @clifflampe @dalprof @chandlerism @shakmatt @marc_smith @shen045 and @thecatandthekey

Here is the data set: 20110109-NodeXL-Twitter-HICSS
Graph Metric Value
Graph Type Directed
Vertices 92
Unique Edges 243
Edges With Duplicates 71
Total Edges 314
Self-Loops 0
Connected Components 21
Single-Vertex Connected Components 18
Maximum Vertices in a Connected Component 69
Maximum Edges in a Connected Component 307
Maximum Geodesic Distance (Diameter) 8
Average Geodesic Distance 3.081693
Graph Density 0.032967033

NodeXL Version 1.0.1.159

An article about social media visualization Social Seen: Analyzing and Visualizing Data from Social Networks by Hunter Whitney, appeared in UX Magazine on December 15, 2010.  It provides a great round up of tools and approaches to mapping populations in social media spaces.

Previous HICSS papers:

Gleave, Eric, Howard T. Welser, Marc Smith, and Thomas Lento.  2009.  “A conceptual and operational definition of social role in online community.”   In Proceedings of the 42nd  Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS), January 5-8. Computer Society Press.  (Best Paper, Digital Media and Communication Mini-Track)

2009 – HICSS – 42 – Best Paper – A Conceptual and Operational Definition of ‘Social Role’ in Online Community

Fisher, D., Smith, M., and Welser, H. You Are Who You Talk To, Proceedings of HICSS, January 2006. (Best Paper, Digital Media and Communication Program)

http://www.connectedaction.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2006-HICSS-You-Are-Who-You-Talk-To-Detecting-Roles-in-Usenet-Newsgroups.pdf

Viégas, Fernanda B., Marc Smith. “Newsgroup Crowds and AuthorLines: Visualizing the Activity of Individuals in Conversational Cyberspaces“, Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on Software and Systems (HICSS) 2004. (Best Paper: Persistent Conversation Minitrack)

http://www.connectedaction.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2004-HICSS-Viegas-and-Smith-Newsgroup-Crowds-and-Author-Lines.pdf

Here are some sample event graphs:

The Second Workshop on Information in Networks
September 24-25, 2010, New York City

Sponsored in part by the Initiative on Information in Networks
Organizers: Sinan Aral, Foster Provost, Arun Sundararajan

The second Workshop on Information in Networks (WIN10) will be held this year September 24-25, 2010, again in New York City. From the program description:

“Last year’s workshop brought together a small yet influential community around topics that at their core involve ‘information in networks‘—its distribution, its diffusion, its value, and its influence on social and economic outcomes. Scholars from fields as diverse as computer science, economics, information systems, marketing, physics, political science and sociology came together to lay the foundation for ongoing relationships and to build a multidisciplinary research community. This year’s workshop will build on this foundation toward bringing more innovative content and vibrant discussion to the forum. Speakers will share their recent research, which may have been published elsewhere, but which may not be widely known outside of their own disciplines. The workshop will combine invited and contributed talks with poster presentations selected from a pool of submitted abstracts. We hope the energy of New York City will inspire the gathering, and that our participants will leave with new ideas and a renewed sense of community.”

Ben Shneiderman and Jenny Preece will speak about their work on social media applied to national priorities with a talk titled: “Promoting National Initiatives for Technology-Mediated Social Participation“.  The talk includes their work creating NSF workshops on Technology-Mediated Social Participation (www.tmsp.umd.edu), the paper Reader-to-Leader Framework: Motivating technology-mediated social participation (which appeared in the AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction in March 2009), and recent work with the Encyclopedia of Life (www.eol.org), and  NodeXL projects.  Here is the abstract.

WIN10 speakers include:
==============================
Ron Burt, University of Chicago
Nicholas Christakis, Harvard University
Nathan Eagle, MIT
Sanjeev Goyal, Cambridge University
Matthew Jackson, Stanford University
Jenny Preece, University of Maryland
Ben Shneiderman, University of Maryland
Tony Jebara, Columbia University
David Jensen, University of Massachussetts
Michael Kearns, University of Pennsylvania
Rachel Kranton, Duke University
David Lazer, Northeastern University
Mark Newman, University of Michigan (tentative)
Alex Sandy Pentland, MIT
Alessandro Vespignani, Indiana University
Stanley Wasserman, Indiana University
Duncan Watts, Yahoo! Research

Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM-10)
May 23-26, 2010
George Washington University, Washington, DC

Sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

IMPORTANT DATES:
Tutorial Proposals: December 1, 2009
Paper Submission: January 8, 2010
Poster/Demo Submission: January 8, 2010
Paper Acceptance: March 3, 2010
Poster/Demo Acceptance: March 3, 2010
Workshop Submission: March 1, 2010
Camera Ready Copies: March 12, 2010

Featuring a keynote by:
Professor Bob Kraut, CMU,
on “Designing Online Communities from Theory”

Professor Michael Kearns, Computer and Information Science,
Univ. of Pennsylvania,
on “Behavioral Experiments in Strategic Networks”

Speakers in Special Sessions:
- Nicole Ellison, Dept. of Telecommunication,
Information Studies and Media, Michigan State Univ.
- James Pennebaker, Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Texas, Austin
- S. Craig Watkins, Dept. of Radio, TV and Film, Univ. of Texas, Austin- Don Burke, CIA Directorate of Science and Technology, Intellipedia
- Haym Hirsh, National Science Foundation IIS Division Director
- Macon Phillips, U.S. White House, Head of New Media

Tutorial Speakers will include:
- Jake Hofman, Yahoo! Research,
“Large-scale social media analytics with Hadoop”

- Cindy Chung and James Pennebaker, Univ. Texas,
“Using LIWC to uncover social psychology in social media”

TECHNICAL AREAS
More specifically, ICWSM welcomes submissions from researchers in a number of disciplines:
- Computational Linguistics/NLP
- Text Mining/Data Mining/Machine Learning
- Psychology
- Sociology (including Social Network Analysis)
- Anthropology, Communications, Media Studies
- Visualization
- HCI
- Graph theory, concrete analysis and simulation of graphical models

Submissions are welcome that study a broad array of types social data, including:
- Weblogs, including comments
- Social Networking Sites
- Microblogs
- Wikis (wikipedia)
- Forums, usenet
- Community media sites: youtube, flickr

Technical topics of interest include:
- Psychological, personality-based and ethnographic studies of social media
- Analyzing the relationship between social media and mainstream media
- Qualitative and quantitative studies of social media
- Centrality/influence of social media publications and authors
- Ranking/relevance of blogs; web page ranking based on blogs
- Social network analysis; communities identification; expertise and authority discovery; collaborative filtering
- Trust; reputation; recommendation systems
- Human computer interaction; social media tools; navigation and visualization
- Subjectivity in textual data; sentiment analysis; polarity/opinion identification and extraction
- Text categorization; topic recognition; demographic/gender/age identification
- Trend identification and tracking; time series forecasting; measuring predictability of phenomena based on social media
- New social media applications; interfaces; interaction techniques

SUBMISSION
People interested in participating should submit through the ICWSM-10 website a technical paper (up to 8 pages, not including references),poster or demo description (up to 4 pages) by the deadlines given above (Midnight PST). Papers must be must be formatted in AAAI two-column, camera-ready style (see the AAAI author instructions page at http://www.aaai.org/Publications/Author/author.php). Details for the submission procedure will appear at the conference website: http://icwsm.org

PUBLICATION
All accepted papers and abstracts will be allocated eight (8) pages in the conference proceedings. Authors will be required to transfer copyright of their paper to AAAI.

DATA CHALLENGE
ICWSM-10 will once again hold a data challenge featuring a freely-available dataset and a half-day workshop at the conference. Details will be posted on the conference website.

CONFERENCE WEBSITE
www.icwsm.org

For general information regarding ICWSM-10, please write to icws…@aaai.org. More details about the CFP and the conference will appear on the website over time.

ORGANIZERS:
Program Chairs:
William Cohen, CMU Computer Science
Samuel Gosling, U Texas Dept of Psychology

General Chair:
Marti Hearst, UC Berkeley School of Information

Senior Program Committee Members:
Lada Adamic, Univ. of Michigan
danah boyd, Microsoft Research
Claire Cardie, Cornell Univ.
Kathleen Carley, Carnegie Mellon Univ.
Chris Diehl, Lawrence Livermore National Labs
Nicole Ellison, Dept of Telecommunication, Information Studies, Michigan State University
Lise Getoor, Univ. of Maryland
Jure Leskovec, Stanford Univ.
Winter Mason, Yahoo! Research
Kate Neiderhoffer, Dachis Corporation
Eugene Agichtein, Emory Univ.
Cindy Chung, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Scott Counts, Microsoft Research
Tim Finin, UMBC
Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Yahoo! Research
Kristina Lerman, ISI-USC
Jure Leskovec
Winter Mason
Gilad Mishne, Yahoo! Labs
Bo Pang, Yahoo! Research
Marc Smith, Connected Action Consulting Group

Next week I will be attending and discussing mobile social media and social networks at the Mobile Web Africa conference in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is my first time to Africa and I am excited to both visit and to discuss how mobile networked devices can change social organizations.  Mobile devices are in many ways more important in emerging and developing regions where the availability of these tools enable the first voice and data services that have ever been affordable and reliable, let alone mobile.  There are vast opportunities in this space, a topic well reviewed in the recent issue of the Economist:

The Mobile Web Africa event will focus on these key questions:

1. How will the industry evolve to a point where the vast majority of people have access to the mobile web and the content they want to view?
2. How will the industry fully exploit existing and future opportunities?
3. How can PC or mobile based developers and start-ups monetise their innovation and creativity to grow in to companies that will drive the expansion of the ecosystem?
4. How can Operators, Original Equipment Manufacturers, global associations and other mobile powerhouses assist their smaller partners?
5. How can societal and economic problems be tackled by the development of the capabilities of the mobile device?
6. What handsets, standards, networks and designs will allow consumers to successfully access the content and consume it?
7. How will the consumer be able to discover that content – through an Application, Browser, Search Engine, Advert, Social Network?

I will focus my discussion on the idea of the “Electrification of the Interaction Order” and topics related to the growing use of sensors on mobile devices and the sharing of the resulting data.  A service like SenseNetworks is a  good example of a mobile data collection, analysis, and presentation service.  Other sites, like Quantified Self, CureTogether, and FitBit, are examples of the social movements, web applications, and devices that are emerging in the self-monitoring medical tracking space.  These communities overlap with the trail based exercise communities of runners, bikers, skaters, hikers, and skiers, some with artistic inclinations.  I see a new wave of devices that are extensively quantify your “self” and “others”, perhaps when people swap sensor data with one another.  The recent work of Nathan Eagle and his co-authors illustrate the possibilities of using many devices with (already existing and widely used) sensors can generate remarkable maps of human behavior.  Much of this data will take the form of social networks as people are linked by “hyperties” – forms of association and connection that are authored by machines from the records of association and behavior.  People will be linked who have never met, in the same way that web book store customers who have never met can be linked by common browse and purchase patterns.  Hyperties will be formed by shared use of location, even if at different times, or patterns created by passing through different spaces at different times but in common patterns (Starbucks, then gas?  Or subway then tea shop?).  The notion of “Tribes” used by the SenseNetworks company is a good example of this approach.    The Economist is all over this topic, with another article “Mobile phones Sensors and sensitivity” that captures the topic.  Jonathan Donner’s work is also a good resource for insights on the role of mobile technology in many parts of the world.  The ability to enable a form of banking service is a particular benefit for the many people who do not have access to banking services.